The Darjeeling Himalaya Initiative (DHI) recently submitted a comprehensive report to the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) and the State Disaster Management Authorities (SDMAs) of West Bengal and Sikkim regarding the Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF) that ravaged the Teesta Valley in October 2023. This report, based on observations and interactions with affected individuals, was created in collaboration with SaveTheHills and contains vital recommendations to mitigate future disasters.
Background of the Disaster
In the early hours of October 4, 2023, a catastrophic GLOF event occurred from the South Lhonak Glacier. This disaster, compounded by a massive dam breach at Chungthang, unleashed devastating floods across the Teesta Valley, resulting in significant loss of life and property. The report emphasizes that the severity of this disaster has not been adequately acknowledged by both national and state governments, nor by mainstream media.
Observations
The Teesta River remains unusually large and fast for this time of year, continuously eroding sections of NH10 and low-lying populated areas like the Teesta Bazar. The river level post-GLOF is significantly higher due to silt deposits. This increase in river level is attributed to debris swept away by the GLOF, exacerbated by improper disposal of excavated materials.
Local residents observed that the river was “far away and far lower” before the GLOF event. Now, the river flows dangerously close to populated areas, some of which are subsiding. The amount of debris brought down by the GLOF is substantial, including tree trunks, metal from destroyed bridges, vehicles, and parts of homes. This debris poses a significant challenge for cleanup efforts.
Early Warning Mechanism
Despite the presence of automatic weather and GLOF early warning systems in North Sikkim, these systems failed to operate effectively during the disaster. Instead, primitive alert methods, such as bullhorns, door banging, whistles, and cell phone calls, were used to warn residents. The effective use of these methods, combined with the dedication of local police and community members, prevented further casualties.
Impact on Communities and Settlements
Many residents are now afraid to live in their current homes and have requested relocation to safer areas. Numerous shanty homes were swept away, displacing residents to relief camps or relatives’ homes. Some residents have returned to excavate their homes, but many buildings remain structurally compromised.
Impact on Roads, NH10, and Bridges
Parts of the Teesta to Darjeeling road were submerged until October 20, 2023. NH10 has been severely damaged in low-lying areas, with sections of the road continuing to subside into the river. Major bridges, including the Indreni bridge and NHPC bridge, were destroyed.
Condition of Dams and Economic Impact
The Sikkim Urja Dam at Chungthang was destroyed, and the NHPC dam at Dikchu was severely damaged. The NHPC Stage VI dam at Sirwani also faced significant debris deposits. The economic impact of these damages is vast, with insurance claims unable to fully cover the socio-ecological loss.
The report outlines several recommendations to address the immediate and long-term challenges posed by the GLOF disaster:
- Detailed Assessment of GLOF Impact and Future Repercussions
- An expert committee should be urgently established to assess:
- High river levels and the potential flow pattern of the river.
- The condition of NH10 and other affected roads.
- Alternate routes for heavy and light vehicles, with clear communication to the public.
- Vulnerability of populated areas near the river and appropriate mitigation methods.
Rehabilitation of Affected Homeless People
The government should plan for the relocation of displaced individuals, ensuring safety, opportunities, and well-being during the rehabilitation process. This is crucial for those whose homes were swept away or who live in areas now deemed too dangerous.
A reliable early warning and dissemination system must be installed in vulnerable areas of the Teesta Valley. This system should remain functional during severe power outages and damage to cell phone towers. Manual hooters and distinct alert sounds should be implemented to avoid confusion with other sirens.
Additionally, the status of NH10 and other key roads should be communicated through social media and electronic signboards. Pre-planned relief centers with solar lighting and generators should be established.
Capacity Building and Raising Awareness
A massive awareness campaign and Community-Based Disaster Risk Management (CBDRM) should be implemented. Periodic evacuation drills should be conducted, and community capacity-building initiatives should be prioritized. A memorial to the disaster could be created to serve as an educational space for future generations.
The cell phone system played a crucial role during the disaster, but its vulnerability necessitates a resilient backup. Implementing ham radios operated by ex-servicemen could provide a reliable alternative communication system.
Investment in Disaster Preparedness Tools
Investments in power rescue tools, solar lighting, first aid training, home insurance, and automatic weather stations are essential for building a more resilient community.
The GLOF disaster in the Teesta Valley has highlighted the urgent need for improved disaster preparedness and resilience in the region. The recommendations provided by the Darjeeling Himalaya Initiative and SaveTheHills are crucial steps towards ensuring the safety and well-being of the affected communities. With the next monsoon season approaching, immediate action is required to mitigate the impact of future disasters.
The complete report and photo essays documenting the disaster are available on the SaveTheHills blog, providing a detailed account of the GLOF event and its aftermath. It is imperative that both government and civil society recognize the vulnerable fragility of the Himalayas and take proactive measures to protect these regions from future catastrophes.