In a landmark achievement for global marine conservation, the High Seas Treaty has officially reached the number of ratifications needed to enter into force. Morocco’s ratification as the 60th nation, followed by Sierra Leone as the 61st, has triggered the 120-day countdown for the treaty to become legally binding international law.
It is expected to take effect in January 2026. This historic pact is the first legal framework designed to protect biodiversity in international waters, which cover nearly two-thirds of the world’s oceans.
A Historic Step for Ocean Governance
Formally known as the Agreement on Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction (BBNJ), the treaty addresses a long-standing gap in ocean governance. The high seas have historically been a “wild west,” with limited regulation despite being crucial for climate regulation and supporting a vast array of marine life.
The treaty’s key provisions include:
• Establishing a process for creating marine protected areas (MPAs) in international waters.
• Setting standards for environmental impact assessments of commercial activities like deep-sea mining.
• Promoting technology sharing and scientific cooperation to help developing countries participate in conservation efforts.
The treaty is also essential for achieving the global “30×30” target, a pledge to protect 30% of the planet’s land and sea by 2030.
Challenges Remain for Enforcement
While its entry into force is a major victory, the treaty’s full impact hinges on the commitment of all nations. Several major players on the high seas, including the United States, China, Russia, and Japan, have yet to ratify the agreement. While some, like the U.S. and China, have signed the treaty, indicating support, they have not yet made it legally binding through ratification.
Without full participation from these nations, enforcement could prove difficult, as the treaty relies on individual countries to regulate their own vessels and companies. The first Conference of the Parties (COP), which will establish key details, funding mechanisms, and oversight, is scheduled to be held within a year of the treaty taking effect. Only nations that have ratified the treaty will have voting rights at this crucial meeting.