As air quality in Delhi-NCR continues to deteriorate, health experts are warning that the crisis extends far beyond respiratory concerns. The rising concentration of PM2.5 and other toxic pollutants is now being linked not only to lung diseases, but also to cardiovascular conditions, neurological disorders, and mental health challenges.
The worsening Air Quality Index (AQI) is contributing to a steep increase in inflammatory illnesses. Recent medical observations suggest that prolonged exposure to polluted air can trigger autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, alongside weakening the body’s immune defense mechanisms.
Highlighting the risk to heart health, Dr. Niranjan Hiremath, Senior Consultant in Cardiovascular and Aortic Surgery at Apollo Hospital, Indraprastha, explained that fine particulate matter in polluted air can enter the bloodstream and inflame arterial walls. “This inflammation leads to blood clot formation and significantly raises the risk of heart attacks,” he said. Individuals with high blood pressure or hardened arteries are particularly vulnerable, as pollution places additional strain on the heart’s ability to pump blood efficiently.
The effects of pollution are also being documented in the brain. According to Dr. Biplab Das, Director and Senior Consultant in Neurology at Narayana Hospital, Gurugram, sustained exposure to polluted air can trigger neuroinflammation, disrupting neural pathways and increasing the risk of neurodegenerative illnesses such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s. He added that prolonged exposure may lead to memory decline, reduced concentration, and premature neurological ageing.
Children are among the most at-risk groups due to their developing brains. The harmful pollutants have been linked to increased cases of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Mental health specialists note that emotional well-being is deeply affected as well.
“People exposed to high pollution levels over several years are more likely to experience depression, suicidal thoughts and overall reduced quality of life,” said clinical psychologist Dr. Shilpi Saraswat of Sakra World Hospital, Bengaluru. She added that children face heightened susceptibility to mood disorders such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder as pollution exposure disrupts normal brain development.
Health experts stress that reducing exposure and raising awareness are critical until lasting systemic improvements are achieved. They urge individuals to minimize outdoor activities during peak pollution hours, use air purifiers indoors, and support community and policy initiatives aimed at improving long-term air quality across the region.